(in-teg-yoo-MEN-tuh-ree SIS-tem):
Includes the skin, hair, nails, sweat glands, sebaceous (oil) glands, and sensory receptors. It serves as the body's first line of defense against environmental damage, regulates body temperature, prevents water loss, synthesizes vitamin D, and houses sensory receptors for pain, touch, and temperature. The skin itself consists of three layers: the epidermis (outer layer), dermis (middle layer), and hypodermis (subcutaneous layer).

(PEK-tuh-ruhlz):
Major muscles of the chest involved in moving the arms and playing a role in deep breathing.

(BY-seps):
A muscle located at the front of the upper arm that is responsible for bending the elbow.

(ab-DOM-i-nalz):
Muscles in the abdomen that assist in posture, movement, and protecting internal organs.

(KWAD-rih-seps):
Composed of four muscles that work together to extend the knee and are critical for activities such as walking, running, and jumping.

(truh-PEE-zee-us):
A large triangular muscle extending over the back of the neck and shoulders, involved in moving the shoulder blades and supporting the arm.

(del-toid):
Has three distinct parts that allow for a wide range of shoulder motions, including lifting, rotating, and stabilizing the arm.

(TRY-seps):
A muscle at the back of the upper arm responsible for extending the elbow, opposite the biceps.

(BYE-seps FEM-or-iss):
Important for knee flexion and hip extension, providing power in activities like sprinting.

(gas-trok-NEE-mee-us):
Involved in pushing off the ground during running and jumping, contributing to explosive lower leg power.

(frun-TAY-lis):
A muscle located in the forehead that is responsible for raising the eyebrows and wrinkling the forehead skin.

(tem-POR-uh-lis):
A fan-shaped muscle located at the side of the head that helps in chewing by moving the jaw.

(or-BIK-yoo-lair-is OK-yoo-lye):
A circular muscle around the eye that allows you to close your eyelids.

(zy-go-MAT-i-kus):
A muscle that extends from the cheekbone to the corners of the mouth, helping you smile by pulling the mouth upwards.

(muh-SEE-ter):
A powerful muscle located at the jaw, essential for chewing by elevating the mandible.

(or-BIK-yoo-lair-is OR-is):
A muscle surrounding the mouth that allows you to pucker your lips and close your mouth.

(BUK-si-nay-tor):
A muscle in the cheek that helps compress the cheek against the teeth, aiding in chewing and blowing air.

(stur-noh-KLY-doh-MAS-toid):
A muscle running along the side of the neck, important for rotating and flexing the head.

(ok-SIP-i-tal-is):
A muscle located at the back of the head that assists in moving the scalp.

(SPLEE-nee-us KAP-i-tis):
A muscle at the back of the neck responsible for rotating and tilting the head backward.

(la-TIS-i-mus DOR-sye):
A broad, flat muscle on the back that helps in moving the shoulders and arms.

(THOR-a-ko-LUM-bar FASH-ee-uh):
A connective tissue structure in the lower back that provides support and attachment for muscles.

(GLOO-tee-us MAX-i-mus):
The largest muscle in the buttocks, responsible for movement of the hip and thigh.

(FLEK-sor POL-i-sis LONG-us):
A muscle in the forearm that helps in bending the thumb.

(FLEK-sor DIJ-i-tor-um pro-FUN-dus):
A muscle in the forearm that flexes the fingers.

(PAL-mar-is LONG-us):
A slender muscle in the forearm that helps flex the hand and wrist.

(LUM-bri-kulz):
Small muscles in the hand that help flex the fingers at the knuckles and extend them at the joints.

(ah-DUK-tor POL-ih-sis):
Essential for pinching and gripping motions, allowing humans to have strong control over objects held between the thumb and fingers.

(ex-TEN-sor dij-ih-TOR-um BREE-vis):
Plays a key role in controlling the movement and stability of the toes, particularly when balancing on uneven surfaces.

(ab-DUK-tor HAL-yoo-sis):
Plays a key role in moving the big toe away from the other toes, helping maintain balance and stability during walking.

(tib-ee-AY-liss pos-TEER-ee-or):
Crucial for maintaining the arch of the foot, preventing flat feet, and aiding in foot stabilization during movement.

(seh-RAY-tus an-TEER-ee-or):
A muscle located along the side of the chest that helps in the movement of the shoulder blades.

(soo-pruh-spy-NAY-tus):
Tucked away in the shoulder, this muscle is a key player in starting arm abduction (lifting your arm sideways). It works hard every time you lift something over your head or reach to the side.

(seh-RAY-tus po-STEER-ee-or soo-PEER-ee-or):
This muscle is like the secret helper of your upper back. It plays a role in lifting the ribs, aiding in breathing, especially when taking deep breaths.

(ee-REK-tor SPY-nee):
This powerful group of muscles runs along your spine like the support beams of a building, helping you maintain posture and allowing you to stand upright after bending over.

(TARE-eez MY-nor):
Works as part of the rotator cuff, helping to rotate the arm outward and stabilize the shoulder joint. Crucial for the fine-tuned movements of your shoulder.

(TARE-eez MAY-jor):
Often called the "lat's little helper," this muscle assists in moving the arm down and backward. It's particularly useful when climbing or pulling yourself up.

(eks-TER-nal oh-BLEEK):
These muscles are your body's natural twist-makers, allowing you to bend sideways and rotate your torso. Besides aiding in movement, they also help compress the abdominal cavity, playing a role in functions like breathing and laughing.

(SOH-lee-us):
Primarily responsible for maintaining posture and balance, particularly during standing and walking for extended periods.

(uh-KILL-eez):
The strongest and largest tendon in the body, essential for transmitting forces from the calf muscles to the foot for powerful movements like jumping and running.

(KOK-siks):
Commonly known as the "tailbone", it serves as an attachment point for various muscles, tendons, and ligaments. Despite its modest size, the coccyx plays a role in supporting the pelvis and aiding in movement while sitting.

(rib):
Ribs are flexible and allow for the expansion of the chest cavity during breathing. Humans typically have 12 pairs.

(PEL-vis):
The bony structure at the base of the spine that supports the weight of the upper body and protects pelvic organs.

(RAY-dee-us):
The other long bone in the forearm, located on the thumb side.

(FEE-mur):
The thigh bone, the longest and strongest bone in the body.

(FIB-yuh-luh):
The slender bone located beside the tibia in the lower leg.

(TIB-ee-uh):
The larger, weight-bearing bone of the lower leg, commonly known as the shinbone.

(UL-nuh):
One of the two long bones in the forearm, located on the side opposite the thumb.

(HYOO-mer-us):
The long bone in the upper arm, extending from the shoulder to the elbow.

(KAR-puhls):
The eight small bones that make up the wrist.

(MET-uh-KAR-puhls):
The five bones that form the framework of the palm of the hand.

(fuh-LAN-jeez):
The bones of the fingers, consisting of proximal, middle, and distal phalanges.

(KYOO-nee-uh-formz):
A group of three wedge-shaped bones in the foot that form part of the ankle.

(met-uh-TAR-sulz):
The five long bones in the foot that connect the ankle to the toes.

(fuh-LAN-jeez):
The bones of the toes, similar in structure to the fingers.

(NAY-zuhl):
Small bones forming the bridge of the nose.

(mak-SIL-uh):
The upper jawbone that holds the upper teeth and forms part of the eye socket and nasal cavity.

(zy-goh-MAT-ik):
The bone that forms the prominence of the cheek.

(MAN-di-bul):
The lower jawbone, responsible for holding the lower teeth and facilitating chewing.

(noor-oh-KRAY-nee-um):
The upper part of the skull that encloses and protects the brain.

(FRON-tal):
The bone forming the front part of the skull, including the forehead.

(TEM-puh-ruhl):
Bones that form part of the sides and base of the skull, housing the structures of the ear.

(puh-RY-i-tal):
Bones that form the sides and roof of the skull.

(ok-SIP-i-tal):
The bone that forms the back and base of the skull, containing the foramen magnum for the spinal cord.

(SFEE-noyd):
A complex bone at the base of the skull that helps form the eye socket and part of the braincase.

(puh-TEL-uh):
The kneecap, a small bone in front of the knee joint that protects it.

(ar-TIK-yuh-lur KAR-ti-lij):
Smooth, white tissue covering the ends of bones in joints, reducing friction and acting as a cushion.

(meh-NIS-kus):
The meniscus absorbs shock in the knee joint and helps distribute body weight across the joint to prevent wear and tear.

(SKAP-yoo-luh):
The shoulder blade, a flat triangular bone that connects the humerus with the clavicle.

(SPYNE):
The column of vertebrae extending from the skull to the pelvis, providing structural support and protection for the spinal cord.

(SAY-krum):
A triangular bone at the base of the spine, forming the back part of the pelvis.

(KLAV-ih-kul):
The manubrium forms part of the sternum and connects to the first pair of ribs and the clavicles, acting as a key part of the ribcage's structure.

(mah-NOO-bree-um):
The upper portion of the sternum. It articulates with the clavicles and the first pair of ribs.

(STER-num):
The sternum protects vital organs like the heart and lungs by forming the central part of the ribcage.

(KOS-tal KAR-tih-lah-jez):
Costal cartilages are vital for the flexibility of the ribcage, allowing it to expand and contract during respiration.

(ZAI-foid PRAH-sess):
The xiphoid process is a small projection that ossifies with age, becoming bone in adulthood.

(sehr-uh-BELL-um):
Often called the "little brain," this structure coordinates movement and balance, ensuring that your motions are smooth and precise. It plays a critical role in maintaining posture and coordinating voluntary movements. Symmetrical on other side.

(FRUHN-tl lohb):
Involved in decision-making, problem-solving, and controlling emotions. It contributes significantly to your personality and ability to plan for the future. Symmetrical on other side.

(OP-tih-kul lohb):
The optical lobe processes visual information, playing a crucial role in sight and the interpretation of visual signals.

(puh-RY-uh-tl lohb):
Processes sensory information related to touch, taste, and temperature, helping you perceive and interact with the world around you. Symmetrical on other side.

(TEM-po-ral lohb):
The temporal lobe is essential for processing auditory information and is deeply involved in memory and language comprehension.

(SPY-nuhl kord):
A key pathway for transmitting signals between the brain and body. It controls movement, sensation, and reflexes. It can also independently process reflex actions, allowing rapid responses to stimuli without brain input.

(in-ter-KOS-tuhl NERVZ):
Nerves between the ribs that help control the muscles involved in breathing.

(MEE-dee-un NERV):
A major nerve in the arm that runs down the middle of the forearm and hand, controlling muscles and sensation in the hand.

(sye-AT-ik NERV):
The largest nerve in the body, running from the lower back through the buttocks and down the legs, controlling muscles and sensation in the leg.

(FEM-uh-ruhl NERV):
A nerve in the thigh that supplies muscles and skin in the front of the leg.

(TIB-ee-al nurv):
The tibial nerve plays a key role in movement and sensation in the lower leg and foot, particularly for flexing the toes.

(meh-DUHL-uh ah-blong-GAH-tuh):
This section connects the brain to the spinal cord and manages vital involuntary functions such as breathing, heart rate, and blood pressure. It acts as the brain's autopilot system, keeping essential processes running smoothly without conscious effort.

(ponz):
Acting as a bridge between different parts of the nervous system, the pons plays a key role in sleep regulation and relaying signals between the cerebrum and cerebellum. It ensures that information flows seamlessly between various parts of the brain.

(soo-PEER-ee-or VEE-nuh KAY-vuh):
A large vein carrying blood from the upper body to the heart.

(in-FEER-ee-or VEE-nuh KAY-vuh):
A large vein carrying blood from the lower body to the heart.

(PULL-muh-nair-ee AR-tuh-ree):
The pulmonary artery is unique because it carries deoxygenated blood from the heart to the lungs, unlike other arteries that carry oxygenated blood.

(PULL-muh-nair-ee vayn):
The pulmonary vein is one of the few veins in the body that carries oxygenated blood, transporting it from the lungs to the heart.

(ay-OR-tuh):
The largest artery in the body, carrying oxygen-rich blood from the heart to the rest of the body.

(ay-OR-tuh):
The largest artery in the body, carrying oxygen-rich blood from the heart to the rest of the body.

(kuh-ROT-id AR-tuh-ree):
Major blood vessels in the neck that supply blood to the brain, neck, and face.

(sub-KLAY-vee-un AR-tuh-ree):
Arteries that supply blood to the arms and part of the chest.

(BRAY-kee-ul AR-tuh-ree):
The major artery in the upper arm, supplying blood to the arm and hand.

(RAY-dee-al AR-tuh-ree):
The radial artery is commonly used to measure the pulse due to its superficial location at the wrist.

(UL-nar AR-tuh-ree):
The ulnar artery works with the radial artery to supply blood to the hand, crucial for hand circulation and movement.

(REE-nuhl AR-tuh-ree):
Arteries that supply blood to the kidneys.

(mez-en-TER-ik AR-tuh-ree):
Arteries supplying blood to the intestines.

(IL-ee-ak AR-tuh-ree):
Arteries that supply blood to the pelvic region and legs.

(pop-li-TEE-ul AR-tuh-ree):
An artery located behind the knee, supplying blood to the lower leg.

(FEM-uh-ruhl AR-tuh-ree):
The major artery supplying blood to the thigh and leg.

(TIB-ee-ul AR-tuh-ree):
Arteries in the lower leg, supplying blood to the foot.

(soo-PEER-ee-or VEE-nuh KAY-vuh):
A large vein carrying blood from the upper body to the heart.

(in-FEER-ee-or VEE-nuh KAY-vuh):
A large vein carrying blood from the lower body to the heart.

(JUG-yuh-lur VAYN):
Veins that drain blood from the head and neck back to the heart.

(sub-KLAY-vee-un VAYN):
Veins that return blood from the arms to the heart.

(BRAY-kee-ul VAYN):
Veins that accompany the brachial artery in the upper arm, returning blood to the heart.

(RAY-dee-ul VAYN):
Veins that drain blood from the hand and forearm.

(UL-nar VAYN):
Veins that accompany the ulnar artery in the forearm, returning blood to the heart.

(REE-nuhl VAYN):
Veins that carry blood away from the kidneys to the heart.

(IL-ee-ak VAYN):
Veins that carry blood from the legs and pelvic region to the heart.

(FEM-or-al vayn):
The femoral vein is responsible for carrying deoxygenated blood from the lower extremities back to the heart.

(pop-lih-TEE-al vayn):
The popliteal vein is crucial for draining blood from the lower leg, supporting proper circulation and return to the heart.

(MAM-uh-ree glandz):
Mammary glands produce milk in females during breastfeeding and are regulated by hormonal signals.

(AD-i-pohs TISH-yoo):
A type of connective tissue that stores fat and provides insulation and cushioning for the body.

(suˈpirēər lōb):
The superior lobe is the most exposed to environmental factors due to its position, making it the first to receive air during inspiration.

(ˈmidl lōb):
This lobe is unique to the right lung and is smaller due to the space taken by the heart on the left side, creating an asymmetrical lung structure.

(in-ˈfir-ē-ər lōb):
It is the largest lobe of the right lung, occupying more space at the back and playing a major role in breathing when lying down.

(suˈpirēər lōb):
Contains the lingula, a small tongue-like projection that is considered a homolog of the middle lobe in the right lung.

(in-ˈfir-ē-ər lōb):
It is vital for gas exchange during deep breathing and is positioned mostly towards the back, similar to the right lung's inferior lobe.

(STUHM-uk):
A muscular organ in the digestive system that breaks down food using acids and enzymes.

(LIV-er):
A large organ in the abdomen that processes nutrients, detoxifies harmful substances, and produces bile.

(THY-royd):
A gland in the neck that produces hormones regulating metabolism, growth, and development.

(ee-SOF-uh-gus):
A muscular tube that connects the throat to the stomach, transporting food and liquids.

(LAIR-inks):
The voice box located in the throat, involved in breathing, producing sound, and protecting the trachea against food aspiration.

(SPLEEN):
An organ that filters blood, recycles old red blood cells, and helps fight infections.

(GAWL-blad-er):
A small organ under the liver that stores bile, aiding in digestion.

(PANG-kree-uhs):
A gland that produces digestive enzymes to break down food and also releases six hormones, including insulin, to regulate blood sugar.

(smol in-TES-tinz):
A long, coiled tube where most digestion and absorption of nutrients occurs.

(ah-SEND-ing KO-lun):
The ascending colon absorbs water and salts from the material that has not been digested, solidifying stool.

(trans-VURS KO-lun):
The transverse colon helps move waste material while continuing to absorb water and nutrients from digested food.

(dee-SEND-ing KO-lun):
The descending colon stores waste before it moves into the rectum, preparing for elimination.

(SIG-moyd KO-lun):
The sigmoid colon contracts to push waste into the rectum, playing a key role in the final stages of digestion.

(ˈrektəm):
The final segment of the large intestine, which stores feces before they are expelled from the body through the anus.

(uh-PEN-dix):
A small, tube-like organ attached to the large intestine with an unclear function but may help maintain gut bacteria. It is commonly removed due to appendicitis, an inflammation that can cause severe pain.

(ˈbladər):
A hollow, muscular organ that stores urine produced by the kidneys before it is excreted from the body through the urethra.

(KID-nee):
An organ that filters waste products from the blood to form urine and regulate fluid balance.

(ˈyu̇r-ə-tər):
A tube that carries urine from the kidney to the bladder.

(və-ˈjī-nə):
A muscular tube that connects the external genitals to the cervix of the uterus, serving as the birth canal and as the organ for sexual intercourse.

(ˈyo͞o-tə-rəs):
A muscular organ that houses and nourishes a fertilized egg, allowing it to develop into a fetus during pregnancy. It also sheds its lining during menstruation if pregnancy does not occur.

(ˈō-və-rē):
Produces eggs (ova) and hormones such as estrogen and progesterone.

(fə-ˈlō-pē-ən ˈt(y)o͞ob):
Transports eggs from the ovaries to the uterus and is the site where fertilization by sperm typically occurs.

(ˈfɪm-briˌ-i):
Finger-like projections at the end of the fallopian tubes that help guide the released egg from the ovary into the fallopian tube.

(ˈpēnəs):
The external male reproductive organ responsible for delivering sperm to the female reproductive system during sexual intercourse. It also serves as the conduit for urine to exit the body.

(ˈtestəs):
The male reproductive organs that produce sperm and hormones, such as testosterone.

(ˌepəˈdidəməs):
A coiled tube where sperm mature and are stored before being transported through the vas deferens.

(ˈpräsˌtāt):
Produces a fluid that nourishes and protects sperm, which is a component of semen.

(ˈdʌktəs/ˈvas ˈdefəˌrenz):
A muscular tube that transports mature sperm from the epididymis to the ejaculatory duct in preparation for ejaculation.

(ˈsemənl ˈvesɪkəl):
Produces a fluid rich in fructose, which provides energy for sperm and constitutes a significant portion of semen.

(ˈtrā-kē-ə):
The windpipe, a tube that connects the larynx to the bronchi, allowing air to pass to and from the lungs.

(ˈbräŋ-ˌkī):
The main passageways that branch off from the trachea into each lung, carrying air to and from the alveoli.